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In most cases, the median lethal dose (LD50) for exotoxins is significantly higher than the LD50 for endotoxins. It is possible for infections with certain viruses to cause chromosomal abnormalities in host cells, which can then affect the growth characteristics of those cells.
Where do diseases often enter a population the most frequently and why?
Microbes enter the body primarily through the mucosal surfaces, which include the mucous membranes of the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract, and the genitourinary tract. Mucosal surfaces are the most important portals of entrance.
Which of the following organisms is responsible for the production of an exotoxin?
Among the most well-known exotoxins are botulinum toxin, which is generated by Clostridium botulinum; diphtheriae toxin, which is produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae during the life-threatening symptoms of diphtheria; and tetanospasmin, which is produced by Clostridium tetani.
Do Leukocidins kill neutrophils?
~Leukocidins kill neutrophils. Kinase is capable of dissolving fibrin clots. Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that degrades chemicals that are found between cells.
Which of the following is true of endotoxins?
Which of the following statements about endotoxins is correct? Gram-positive bacteria are responsible for their production. – Each disease has its own unique symptoms… This particular strain of bacteria, when allowed to develop under certain conditions, will emit a protein that research indicates is likely to be responsible for the pathology of the disease.
Toxicity, as well as the LD50
We found 31 questions connected to this topic.
Which substances qualify as instances of endotoxins?
Although the term “endotoxin” is occasionally used to refer to any cell-associated bacterial toxin, in the field of bacteriology, it is properly reserved to refer to the lipopolysaccharide complex that is associated with the outer membrane of Gram-negative pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, and…
What are some of the similarities between endotoxins and exotoxins?
Both are capable of stimulating an immunological response. Endotoxins are lipids and sugars that are a part of the cell wall of Gram-bacteria, whereas exotoxins are proteins that are expelled and typically derive from Gram-bacteria. Endotoxins are produced by Gram-bacteria. Which exotoxins are the most prevalent? (6) Is it possible to receive vaccinations against certain poisons?
Does kinase dissolve blood clots?
Kinase enzymes are responsible for the conversion of inactive plasminogen into the active form of plasmin, which digests fibrin and prevents the blood from clotting.
Which doorway does the polio virus use to enter its hosts?
Only humans can be infected with poliovirus. Both the fecal-oral and respiratory routes can be used to transmit poliovirus. Infants and younger children have a higher risk of contracting infections.
What does not contribute to the cultivation of viruses?
Answer b. It is not possible to cultivate viruses using simply a liquid media.
Which substances qualify as instances of exotoxins?
Protein toxins are toxins that are secreted by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This is in contrast to endotoxins, which are toxins that are part of the cell wall. Toxins like cholera, whooping cough, and diphtheria are among examples. Typically very particular and quite hazardous.
What exactly are the three different categories of exotoxins?
- superantigens (Type I toxins);
- exotoxins that damage host cell membranes (Type II toxins); and.
- A-B toxins and other toxin that interfere with host cell function (Type III toxins).
What are the stages involved in the development of a viral pathogen?
The process of viral pathogenesis involves a number of stages, the most important of which are as follows: (1) the transmission and entry of the virus into the host; (2) the spread of the virus within the host; (3) tropism; (4) virulence; (5) patterns of viral infection and disease; (6) host factors; and (7) host defense.
What factors contribute to the transformation of normal flora into opportunistic pathogens?
2.) So long as the host is in healthy condition, the majority of the organisms that make up normal flora are not harmful. However, if the host’s resistance systems are compromised in any way, whether by another infection process or by immunodeficiency, then the organisms that are normally present in the flora can become pathogenic.
Which of the following is an example of a disease being passed on in a direct manner?
Infections that are spread by direct contact take place when disease-causing bacteria are transferred from an infected person to a healthy person through direct physical contact with blood or other body fluids. To touch someone, to kiss them, to have sexual contact, to come into contact with oral secretions, or to come into contact with lesions on the body are all examples of direct contact.
What is the most noticeable sign of polio?
The most serious symptom of polio is paralysis, which can ultimately result in irreversible impairment or even death. Those who have paralysis as a result of poliovirus infection have a mortality rate of between 2 and 10 out of every 100, due to the fact that the virus damages the muscles that help them breathe.
When will someone no longer be infectious with polio?
Those who have been infected with the poliovirus are at their most contagious in the days immediately before and following the beginning of symptoms; nevertheless, the virus can stay present in the stool for up to six weeks after infection.
Where did the polio virus first appear in the world?
The wild poliovirus that originated in Nigeria was the cause of the reinfection that occurred. However, a subsequent intensive vaccination drive in Africa led to an apparent extinction of the disease from the region; no cases had been reported for more than a year when 2014 and 2015 rolled around.
Which exoenzymes break down blood clots, hence facilitating the spread of bacteria?
Kinases, in a manner analogous to that of collagenase, hyaluronidase, and DNAse, enhance the spread of infection by dissolving clots, which in turn enables pathogens that were previously contained within the clot to escape and proliferate.
When bacteria or the poisons they produce are found in high numbers in the bloodstream, what does this indicate?
Poisoning of the blood can occur if germs that are already present in another part of the body make their way into the circulatory system. Septicemia and bacteremia are both terms that are used to refer to the presence of bacteria in the blood. Although though they refer to slightly different medical conditions, “septicemia” and “sepsis” are frequently used synonymously in common parlance.
What different kinds of toxins are produced by Gram-positive bacteria?
These toxins include the endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is present in the outer membrane of the gram-negative bacterium as well as various other produced exotoxins and enterotoxins in other bacteria. Other bacteria can also produce enterotoxins.
How do exotoxins induce disease?
Exotoxins are proteins that cause damage or dysfunction by signalling at host cell membranes (type I), by damaging membranes (type II) or by entering target cells and directly altering function (type III).
Is the formation of toxoids possible from exotoxins?
Because exotoxins are thermolabile, it is possible to deactivate them by treating them with heat or chemicals, which results in the production of a toxoid. Toxoids are substances that have had their poisonous properties neutralized so that they can be utilized in the production of antitoxins and vaccinations.